Ported #4296 from citra

gl_rasterizer: Fixup undefined behaviour in SetupDraw

Port citra-emu/citra#4313: "CONTRIBUTING.md - remove note about casting numeric types"

Apparently it's not true: https://github.com/citra-emu/citra/pull/4310#discussion_r223174725

qt: Update telemetry links

These were pointing to a non-existent webpage.

This will allow us to easily remove the use of "NFC" in "System"

Port web_service from Citra

kernel/mutex: Amend behavior of TransferMutexOwnership()

This was the result of a typo accidentally introduced in
e51d7157. This restores the previous
correct behavior.

The behavior with the reference was incorrect and would cause some games
to fail to boot.

ui_settings: Place definition of the theme array within the cpp file

gl_rasterizer: Implement quads topology

thread: Make the scheduler pointer a regular pointer

Conceptually, it doesn't make sense for a thread to be able to persist
the lifetime of a scheduler. A scheduler should be taking care of the
threads; the threads should not be taking care of the scheduler.

If the threads outlive the scheduler (or we simply don't actually
terminate/shutdown the threads), then it should be considered a bug
that we need to fix.

Attributing this to balika011, as they opened #1317 to attempt to fix
this in a similar way, but my refactoring of the kernel code caused
quite a few conflicts.

kernel/thread: Make all instance variables private

text_formatter: Avoid unnecessary string temporary creation in PrintMessage()

operator+ for std::string creates an entirely new string, which is kind
of unnecessary here if we just want to append a null terminator to the
existing one.

Reduces the total amount of potential allocations that need to be done
in the logging path.

Placing the array wholesale into the header places a copy of the whole
array into every translation unit that uses the data, which is wasteful.
Particularly given that this array is referenced from three different
translation units.

This also changes the array to contain pairs of const char*, rather than
QString instances. This way, the string data is able to be fixed into
the read-only segment of the program, as well as eliminate static
constructors/heap allocation immediately on program start.

file_sys: Add support for loading IPS patches

Many of the member variables of the thread class aren't even used
outside of the class itself, so there's no need to make those variables
public. This change follows in the steps of the previous changes that
made other kernel types' members private.

The main motivation behind this is that the Thread class will likely
change in the future as emulation becomes more accurate, and letting
random bits of the emulator access data members of the Thread class
directly makes it a pain to shuffle around and/or modify internals.
Having all data members public like this also makes it difficult to
reason about certain bits of behavior without first verifying what parts
of the core actually use them.

Everything being public also generally follows the tendency for changes
to be introduced in completely different translation units that would
otherwise be better introduced as an addition to the Thread class'
public interface.

aoc_u: Fix edge case with DLC that causes breaks

configure_graphics: Make functions internally linked where applicable

configure_audio: Minor cleanup-related changes

services/fsp_srv: Amend service function table

configure_input: Make analog mapping strings translatable

submission_package: Cleanup and bug fixes

service/lbl: Update service function table

Port citra-emu/citra#4253: "common/string_util cleanup"

card_image: Ensure program_nca_status is always initialized

GetName() returns a std::string by value, not by reference, so after the
std::string_view is constructed, it's not well defined to actually
execute any member functions of std::string_view that attempt to access
the data, as the std::string has already been destroyed. Instead, we can
just use a std::string and erase the last four characters.

If a ticket file was ever a null pointer, we'd cause a null pointer
dereference, as we were calling GetExtension() on the pointer instance.

submission_package: Use std::string's rfind() when looking for the extension in InitializeExeFSAndRomFS()

When searching for a file extension, it's generally preferable to begin
the search at the end of the string rather than the beginning, as the
whole string isn't going to be walked just to check for something at the
end of it.

If an error occurs when constructing the PartitionFilesystem instance,
the constructor would be exited early, which wouldn't initialize the
extracted data member, making it possible for other code to perform an
uninitialized read by calling the public IsExtractedType() member
function. This prevents that.

Like the other two bits of factored out code, this can also be put
within its own function. We can also modify the code so that it accepts
a const reference to a std::vector of files, this way, we can
deduplicate the file retrieval.

Now the constructor for NSP isn't a combination of multiple behaviors in
one spot. It's nice and separate.

This too, is completely separate behavior from what is in the
constructor, so we can move this to its own isolated function to keep
everything self-contained.

This behavior is entirely independent of the surrounding code, so it can
be put in its own function to keep the behavior separate.

We can use early continues here to reduce the amount of nesting.